حروف اضافه در زبان انگلیسی
Prepositions in English
در این اکسیر به سراغ مبحث حرف اضافه در زبان انگلیسی می‌رویم. حروف اضافه، کلمات کوتاهی هستند که معمولا قبل از اسم و مصدر با ing (جراند) می آیند. حتی خیلی از زبان آموزان سطح پیشرفته نیز در کاربرد و ترجمه کلمه به کلمه این کلمات کوتاه اسرارآمیز مشکل دارند! یک حرف اضافه در زبان فارسی می تواند چندین حرف اضافه معادل در زبان انگلیسی داشته باشد که در موقعیت ها و ساختارهای متفاوت ظاهر می شوند.
سختی یادگرفتن حروف اضافه از بی قاعدگی اکثریت آنها ناشی می شود. چندان قانون مدار نیستند و عمومشان را باید بر اساس تجربه استفاده یاد بگیرید.
توصیه های اکسیری ما برای یادگرفتن حروف اضافه در زبان انگلیسی:
- هر حرف اضافه ای را که با آن مواجه می شوید، در دیکشنری بیابید و مطالعه کنید.
- تا می توانید بخوانید! خواندن متون انگلیسی شما را با دنیایی از حروف اضافه مواجه می کند که اگر این خواندن استمرار داشته باشد به مرور همه حروف اضافه را در ذهن شما ماندگار می کند.
در اینجا می خواهیم انواع حروف اضافه ای را که در زبان انگلیسی رایج هستند، خدمت شما معرفی کنیم:
Time Prepositions (حروف اضافه زمان)
| English | Usage | Example |
| on | days of the week | on Saturday |
| in | months / seasons
time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) |
in April / in spring
in the evening in 2020 in 2 minutes |
| at | for night
for weekend a certain point of time (when?) |
at night
at the weekend (British) at half past ten |
| since | from a certain point of time (past till now) | since 2011 |
| for | over a certain period of time (past till now) | for 5 months |
| ago | a certain time in the past | 3 days ago |
| before | earlier than a certain point of time | before 1914 |
| to | telling the time | five to seven (6:55) |
| past | telling the time | eight past five (5:08) |
| to / till / until | marking the beginning and end of a period of time | from Sunday to/till Wednesday |
| till / until | in the sense of how long something is going to last | I am on holiday until Tuesday. |
| by | in the sense of at the latest
up to a certain time |
She will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 9 o’clock, I had done my homework. |
Place Prepositions (Position and Direction) (حروف اضافه مکان و حرکت)
| English | Usage | Example |
| in | room, building, street, town, country
book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world |
in the bedroom, in Tehran
in the math book in my car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world |
| at | meaning next to, by an object
for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work) |
at the door, at the station
at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work |
| on | attached
being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio |
the picture on the wall
on the desk on the right on the second floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio |
| by, next to, beside | left or right of somebody or something | § Tina is standing by / next to / beside the tree. |
| under | on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else | the cat is under the desk. |
| below | lower than something else but above ground | the fish are below the surface |
| over | covered by something else
meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle |
put your hand over your heart
over 20 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the gate |
| above | higher than something else, but not directly over it | a path above the river |
| across | getting to the other side (also over)
getting to the other side |
walk across the road
swim across the pool |
| through | something with limits on top, bottom and the sides | drive through the tunnel |
| to | movement to person or building
movement to a place or country for bed |
go to the mall
go to Karaj / England go to bed |
| into | enter a room / a building | go into the class / the flat |
| towards | movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it) | go 4 steps towards the house |
| onto | movement to the top of something | jump onto the table |
| from | in the sense of where from | a book from the library |
سایر حروف اضافه مهم در زبان انگلیسی:
| English | Usage | Example |
| from | who gave it | a gift from Sina |
| of | who/what does it belong to
what does it show |
a part of the book
a photo of Tehran |
| by | who made it | a book by Abbas Maroofi |
| on | walking or riding on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle |
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus |
| in | entering a car / Taxi | get in the car |
| off | leaving a public transport vehicle | get off the bus |
| out of | leaving a car / Taxi | get out of the taxi |
| by | rise or fall of something
travelling (other than walking or horse riding) |
prices have risen by 15 percent
by car, by bus |
| at | for age | he learned Italian at 34 |
| about | for topics, meaning what about | I was talking about Zahra |
عالی، مثل همیشه. سربلند باشید.
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عزیز مایین. ممنون از محبتتون.
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بابت تمام آموزش های فوق العاده تون متشکرم
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عزیز مایید الهه خانم عزیز.
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پیدر مارو دراورد این حروف اضافه هیچ قانونی نداره
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پیدرتان سلامت 🙂
چند تا قانون داره اما انقد استثنا داره بهتره دونه دونه یادشون بگیرید.
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