کاربردهای افعال کمکی مدال
English Grammar – Modal Auxiliaries Conceptual Approach
انواع مفاهیم و کاربردهای افعال کمکی مُدال Modal در گرامر انگلیسی
همانطور که گفته شد، افعال مُدال Modal هر کدام کاربردهای مختلفی دارند اما اگر بخواهیم همه را جمع بزنیم، باید موارد زیر اشاره کنیم:
- Ability,
- Possibility,
- Permission,
- Offer, Advice, Suggestion and Recommendation,
- Obligation, Necessity, and Duty,
- Prohibition,
- Assumption, Deduction and Certain Guesses,
- Permission and Request,
- Typical Occurrences,
- Unrealized Past Abilities and Possibilities,
- Expressing Regrets and Criticism
- Wishes,
- Promise,
- Prediction,
- Instant Decisions,
- Hypothetical Situations,
- Past Habits,
- Future in the Past,
- Refusal.
Ability – افعال مدال برای ابراز توانایی |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| can | present and future ability | She can get along with all sorts of people.
Can you help her tomorrow? |
توانایی در حال و آینده |
| could | past ability | I could lift a hundred-pounds when I was young.
I could remember the crash, but nothing after that. |
توانایی در گذشته |
| be able to | alternative to can and could | He has been able to construct three bridges so far.
I will be able to start the campaign by next year. |
جایگزین افعال مودال فوق برای زمان های دیگر |
| succeed in | alternative to can and could; expresses achievements | We finally succeeded in signing an agreement. | جایگزین افعال مودال فوق برای زمان های دیگر که بیانگر دستاورد است (یافتن توانایی پس از تلاش). |
| manage to | alternative to can and could; expresses achievements | Did you manage to speak to the president today? | جایگزین افعال مودال فوق برای زمان های دیگر که بیانگر دستاورد است (یافتن توانایی پس از تلاش). |
Possibility – افعال مدال برای ابراز احتمال |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| may | present / future possibility in formal or academic atmosphere | The planet Venus may be seen clearly in the night sky this month.
I may win the competition. |
احتمال در حال و آینده (استفاده در فضای رسمی و آکادمیک) |
| might | present / future possibility in informal atmosphere | My mother might be waiting outside.
I might paint my room pink. |
احتمال در حال و آینده (استفاده در فضای غیررسمی و دوستانه) |
| can | a very real possibility of a future event happening | It can be hard to keep a dog.
I can stay with my brother in London. |
احتمال شدید رخداد واقعه ای در آینده |
Permission – اجازه داشتن، دادن و گرفتن |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| can | present / future permission | Although he is not the student of the school, he can come to the class.
I can use my mother’s car! Can I take a blanket please? |
اجازه داشتن، دادن و گرفتن در حال و آینده |
| could | past permission | Although he was not the student of the school, he could come to the class.
You could use the bath tub. Could you participate in those classes then? |
اجازه داشتن، دادن و گرفتن در گذشته |
| could | asking for permission politely | Could I use your pen please? | مودبانه اجازه گرفتن (ربطی به گذشته ندارد) |
| be able to | alternative to can and could | We are/were allowed to go to every country with our passports now. | جایگزین افعال مودال فوق برای برای داشتن اجازه، گرفتن اجازه و دادن آن در زمان های دیگر |
Offer, Advice, Suggestion and Recommendation – افعال مدال برای پیشنهاد دادن، پند دادن و نصیحت کردن |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| should | suggestion, advice | If you have a headache, you should drink some tea. | اگر سردرد داری، بهتره کمی چای بنوشی. |
| ought to | suggestion, advice in a formal way | You ought to wear tidy clothes when you want to go for an interview. | پیشنهاد در فضای رسمی
وقتی می خوای بری مصاحبه بهتره لباسای تمیز بپوشی. |
| must | strong advice | One must not shoot before seeing the target. | توصیه ی اکید
(تیرانداز) نباید قبل از دیدن هدف شلیک کند. |
| will | offer | I will make an arrangement for you!
I’ll get the phone; you sit. |
پیشنهاد می دهد که کاری را برای کسی انجام می دهد. |
| had better | should in spoken language
We prefer had better if we want to express particular urgency or in demands and threats. |
If you’re not well, you’d better leave the office and go home. (urgency)
He’d better come soon or I’ll not let him come to the class this time. (threat) |
در زبان محاوره برای ابراز پیشنهاداتی که ضروری هستند (اورژانس، تقاضا و تهدیدها) از این ساختار استفاده می شود. |
| shall, let’s, what about and how about | express a desire for people to do something | Shall we paint the house green?
Let’s have lunch; I’m starving. What about going to my garden this weekend? How about reading this novel? It’s amazing. |
بیان یک لذت و دعوت به آن سه ساختار رو به رو وجود دارد. |
| why don’t I/we do something | to make offers and suggestions | Why don’t I bring some coffee for you?
Why don’t we become volunteer for charity works? |
برای اینکه گوینده پیشنهاد دهد خودش کاری را انجام دهد. |
Obligation, Necessity, and Duty – افعال مدال برای ابراز ضرورت، اجبار و وظیفه |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| must | strong advice,
fix arrangements |
You must get ready for your interview. | پند و توصیه اکید (بلخص برای قرارهای فیکس شده) |
| have got / have to | strong advice,
fix arrangements |
I’ve got to go to the gym on Thursdays.
I have to finish my project by the next month. |
جاگزین مودال فوق برای زمان های دیگر |
| should | politely expressing necessity | You should wear your uniform at all times. | پند و توصیه اکید (مودبانه تر با ضرورت کمتر) |
Prohibition – افعال مدال برای نهی کردن |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| must not | prohibition in formal rules and warnings | Students must not wear casual clothes.
The staff must not smoke in the company. |
ضرورت اینکه کاری انجام نشود. (در انگلیسی مکتوب و فضای رسمی) |
| can’t | refuse permission in spoken English | I’m sorry, but you can’t come in. It’s just for the staff. | ضرورت اینکه کاری انجام نشود. (در انگلیسی محاوره ای) |
| cannot | prohibition used in formal context | You cannot be here; this area is restricted. | ضرورت اینکه کاری انجام نشود. (در فضای رسمی) |
Assumption, Deduction and Certain Guesses – افعال مدال برای نتیجه گیری و حدس زدن |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| can | assuming sth on what one observes | Look at that handsome man. He can be the manager. | ابراز تصور (حال و آینده) |
| should | assuming sth on what one observes | Look at that handsome man. He should be the manager. | ابراز تصور (حال و آینده) |
| can’t | assuming sth on what one observes | Look at that short man! He can’t be the manager. | ابراز تصور (حال و آینده) |
| must | stronger assumption | Look at that prestigious man! He must be the manager. | ابراز تصور با قطعیت بیشتر (حال و آینده) |
Permission and Request – افعال مدال برای درخواست کردن، اجازه گرفتن و دادن |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| can | informal request of permission | Can I use your pen please? | میشه ار خودکارت استفاده کنم لطفا؟ |
| can | informal permission giving | You can use my car if you want. | اگر می خوای می تونی از ماشین من استفاده کنی. |
| could | polite request of permission | Could I use the bathroom? | امکانش هست از سرویس بهداشتی شما استفاده کنم؟ |
| could | polite permission giving | You could have a cookie if you want to. | اگر دوست دارین میتونین یه کلوچه بردارین. |
| may | formal request of permission | May I take tomorrow off? | امکانش هست فردا رو مرخصی بگیرم؟ |
| may | formal permission giving | You may leave the room if you’ve finished answering. | در صورت اتمام پاسخ دهی اجازه دارین اتاق رو ترک کنین. |
Typical Occurrences – افعال مدال برای اعلام اتفاقات معمول |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| may | typical occurrences – like using usually | Drivers may feel sleepy after driving for more than 12 hours. | راننده ها معمولا بعد از ۱۲ ساعت رانندگی احساس خواب آلودگی می کنند. |
Unrealized Past Abilities and Possibilities – افعال مدال برای ابراز توانایی ها و احتمالات گذشته که محقق نشدند |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| could + have + past participle | unrealized past ability | When I called you, you could have taken back what you said! | وقتی بهت زنگ زدم، می تونستی حرفت رو پس بگیری (ولی نگرفتی). |
| could + have + past participle | unrealized past possibility | We were really lucky because it could have rained! | واقعا خوش شانس بودیم چونکه میتونست بارون بیاد (ولی نیومد). |
Expressing Regrets and Criticism – افعال مدال برای بیان پشیمانی (توسط خود شخص) و سرزنش کردن (توسط شخصی دیگر) |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| should + have + past participle | expressing regrets | I should have called him before he died. | قبل از اینکه بمیره باید بهش زنگ میزدم (ولی نزدم). |
| should + have + past participle | expressing criticism | You should have listened to your father. | باید به حرف پدرت گوش می دادی (ولی ندادی). |
Promise – قول دادن و گرفتن |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| will | to make a promise | I’ll take you to the Disney Land next month son. J | (قول میدم) ماه بعد ببرمت دیزنی لیند. |
Prediction – پیش بینی |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| will | to make a prediction | Look at them. They’re deeply in love. I’m sure they’ll marry soon. | اونارو ببین. خیلی عاشق همن. مطمئنم خیلی زود ازدواج می کنن. |
Instant Decision – تصمیم آنی |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| will | to make an instant decision
(usually ordering in a restaurant or buying in a shop) |
(in a restaurant) I will have fried chicken with a salad. | تصمیمی که از قبل برنامه ریزی نشده است. |
Hypothetical Situations – شرایط فرضی |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| would | when sb assumes a hypothesis | People wouldn’t like my appearance in the wedding tomorrow.
If I had a million dollars, I would immigrate to Canada. |
گوینده فرض می کند اتفاقی به شکل خاصی بی افتد. |
Past Habits – عادات گذشته |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| would | alternative to past simple and used to implying a past habit | When I was a child, I would go cycling every evening. | وقتی بچه بودم هر روز عصر می رفتم دوچرخه سواری. |
| used to | alternative to past simple implying a past habit | When I was a child, I used to go cycling every evening. | وقتی بچه بودم هر روز عصر می رفتم دوچرخه سواری. |
Future in the past – آینده در گذشته |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| would | when sb says how they thought about the future or predicted it sometime in the past | As a child, I always thought I would become a dentist.
I thought I would be doing research in university but that was a false one. At school, they used to tell us that we would have gotten our PhDs by the end of the year. |
اینکه کسی در گذشته، آینده را چطور می دیده یا پیش بینی می کرده به این شکل بیان می شه. |
Refusal – امتناع |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verb | details | Example | توضیح و ترجمه ی فارسی |
| would | when sb says that themselves or anybody else would refuse | My mom wouldn’t eat these junk foods. She would only ear organic food. | وقتی می دانیم کسی دست رد به سینه مان می زند. |
hi! I think the example of “be able to” in “permission” table must be corrected.
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بهار خانم عزیز سلام،
مورد بررسی شد. کدوم قسمت به نظر شما نیاز به اصلاح داره؟
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This page is empty . Were you gonna write about explainning about modal verbs . Why haven’t you writeen about modal verbs
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دوست عزیز، لطفا صفحه رو Refresh کنید.
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Thank you for your efforts
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Sure! We’re glad you enjoyed 🙂
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عالی بود ممنونم
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ونوس عزیز خوشحالیم که استفاده کردید. 🙂
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هرچقدر بیشتر میخونم بیشتر متوجه میشم که چقدر چیزا هست که نمی‌دونم
ممنون از سایتتون
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بهار خانم عزیز سلام،
خداروشکر استفاده میکنین. خوشحالیم که موثر هستیم.
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